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Link] [Graphical]Annual Report 2023 > 3. Duty Lawyer Scheme
3.1 The Duty Lawyer Scheme initially only provided free legal representation to defendants charged with six scheduled offences in three Magistrates’ Courts. This was subsequently extended to nine scheduled offences in 1981 and then to cover all adult and juvenile Magistrates’ Courts since 1983.
3.2 With the enactment of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance in 1991, the Scheme was expanded to offer representation to defendants in the Magistrates’ Courts “where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it” (Article 11(2)(d) of Section 8 of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap. 383)).
Means & Merits Tests
3.3 Applicants are subjected to a simple means test. The financial eligibility limit was initially set at a gross annual income of $50,000 based on the income of the breadwinner of a “conventional family (husband, wife and two children)”. This limit is revised periodically and the last revision was from $216,500 to $223,000 on 21 March 2023.
3.4 The merits test adopted by the Scheme was based on the criteria set out by the Widgery Committee of the UK in 1966. The Committee stated that the proper scope of an adequate scheme of legal assistance was “to secure that injustice does not arise through an accused person being prevented by lack of means from bringing effectively before the court matters which may constitute a defence to the charge or mitigate the gravity of the offence”.
3.5 The Criteria (apart from means) for deciding whether a grant of legal representation for summary trials is “in the interests of justice” were stated by the Widgery Committee as follows:
| (a) | that the charge is a grave one in the sense that the accused is in real jeopardy of losing his liberty or suffering serious damage to his reputation; |
| (b) | that the charge raises a substantial question of law; |
| (c) | that the accused is unable to follow the proceedings and state his own case because of his inadequate intelligence, mental illness or other mental, physical disability; |
| (d) | that the nature of the defence involves the tracing and interviewing of witnesses or expert cross-examination of a witness for the prosecution;
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| (e) | that legal representation is desirable in the interest of someone other than the accused as, for example, in the case of sexual offences against young children where it is undesirable that the accused should cross examine the witness in person. |
Handling Charge
3.6 A handling charge of $620 per case is payable by all adult defendants, but can be waived at the Administrator’s discretion in cases of genuine hardship.
Scope of Representation
3.7 The Duty Lawyer Scheme covers some 300 statutory and common law offences and represents a vast majority of defendants. The list of offences for which the Scheme is providing representation appears at Appendix B-1.
3.8 The Duty Lawyer Scheme also assigns lawyers to advise defendants facing extradition and to represent persons who are at risk of criminal prosecution as a result of giving incriminating evidence in Coroners’ inquests. In 2023, there was neither any extradition case nor coroners’ inquests case.
3.9 With effect from 1 April 2014, the Duty Lawyer Scheme has been further expanded to provide legal representation in bail applications pending trial and sentence for Magistrates' Court defendants in the Court of First Instance of the High Court. In 2023, three defendants were represented by the Scheme in the High Court.
3.10 With effect from 3 April 2019, the Duty Lawyer Scheme has been further extended to cover contempt proceedings in the Competition Tribunal (s. 144(2) of the Competition Tribunal Ordinance Cap. 619) following the earlier extension of such proceedings in the Labour Tribunal (s.42 of the Labour Tribunal Ordinance Cap.25) and Small Claims Tribunal (s.35A of the Small Claims Tribunal Ordinance Cap.338) on 3 December 2018. So far no such case in these Tribunals has been referred to the Scheme.
3.11 In the year under review, a total of 20,961 adult and juvenile defendants (Appendix B-2, B-3, B-4 and B-5) were represented by the Duty Lawyer Scheme. Of the cases proceeding to trial with Scheme representation throughout, an overall acquittal rate of 85.33% was achieved.
Juveniles
3.12 Legal representation was provided for 202 juvenile defendants appearing in the Juvenile Courts (Appendix B-3). Juvenile defendants are not subject to the means or merits test, but their families are encouraged to pay the Scheme’s $620 handling charge where possible. Juveniles charged with adults and therefore appearing in the adult courts are also offered the Scheme’s representation.
3.13 Since the extension of the Duty Lawyer Service in October 2003 to cover legal representation in the Juvenile Court to children / juveniles under s. 34(2) of the Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance Cap. 213 of the Laws of Hong Kong, the Duty Lawyer Service so far has handled a total of 27,050 Care or Protection cases in the Juvenile Courts (Appendix B-6).
Duty Lawyer
3.14 There are 2,124 duty lawyers on the panel of the Duty Lawyer Scheme with 1,302 duty lawyers (List of Duty Lawyers in Appendix A-5) providing legal representation in the Magistrates’ Courts during the year under review.
Working Relations
3.15 The Duty Lawyer Scheme has continued to maintain a good working relationship with the Judiciary, the Chief Secretary for Administration’s Office, the Home and Youth Affairs Bureau, the Home Affairs Department, the Security Bureau, the Police, the Correctional Services Department, the Customs & Excise Department, the Immigration Department, the Labour and Welfare Bureau, the Social Welfare Department, and the Legal Aid Department. Useful contact was maintained on an ongoing basis with the Chief Magistrate, the Judiciary Administrator, the Director of Administration of the Chief Secretary for Administration’s Office, the Director of Public Prosecutions of the Department of Justice, the Commissioner of Police, the Commissioner of Correctional Services Department, the Director of Immigration Department, the Secretary for Labour and Welfare, the Director of Home Affairs, Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs, the Director of Legal Aid, and the Secretary for Security.
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